Term Definition -------------------------------------------------- 16777152,#FALSE#,0,#FALSE#,"Arial",20,#FALSE# 12648384,#FALSE#,0,#FALSE#,"Arial",20,#FALSE# -------------------------------------------------- "merlin" "",0,0 "",0,0 -------------------------------------------------- SEQ=-1,PRS=-1,TTS=-1,MRK=-1,NUM=39,STR=2,ADV=-1,IN1=1,IN2=1,MSG=N,BOB,1-,2-,3-,4-,5-,6-,7-,8-,9-,10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,EOB -------------------------------------------------- B.C. 400 Hippocrates relates personality characteristics to body types and proposes a physiological (as opposed to demonological) theory of mental illness. B.C. 350 Aristotle stresses the objective observation of man's behavior and proposes three principles to account for the association of ideas. A.D. 400 Saint Augustine, influenced by Platonic ideas, makes careful introspections in his Confession. 1650 Rene' Descartes characterizes the mind-body relationship as one of interaction. 1651 Thomas Hobbes foreshadows associationism by declaring that all ideas come from sensory experience. 1690 John Locke carries Hobbes' notion a step further by declaring that all ideas come from sensory experience. 1749 David Hartley formalizes a doctrine of associationism and suggests a neurological basis for memory. 1781 Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" attacks associationism and the nativistic approach; it strongly influences later philosophers and psychologists. 1809 Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim give prominence through phrenology to the study of mental faculties and brain function. 1821 Pierre Flourens performs the first significant experiments in localization of brain functions. 1822 Friedrich Bessel measures individual differences in reaction time for astronomical observations. 1838 Johannes Mueller formulates the doctrine of specific nerve energies. 1846 Ernst Weber derives the first quantitative law in psychology. 1850 Hermann von Helmholtz measures the rates of conduction of nerve impulses. 1859 Charles Darwin publishes "The Origin of Species," propounding the theory of evolution through natural selection. 1860 Gustav Fechner publishes "Elements of Psychophysics," in which he presents various methods for measuring the relationship between physical stimuli and sensations. 1869 Sir Francis Galton studies individual differences and applies Darwin's concept of selective adaptation to the evolution of races. 1879 Wilhelm Wundt opens the first formal psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig. 1883 G. Stanley Hall establishes the first psychological laboratory in America at Johns Hopkins University. 1885 Hermann Ebbinghaus publishes the first experimental studies of memory. 1890 William James' "Principles of Psychology" is published in the United States. 1892 Edward Titchener at Cornell University establishes "structuralism" as a major influence in American psychology. 1898 Edward Thorndike performs some of the first controlled experiments on animal learning. 1900 Sigmund Freud publishes "The Interpretation of Dreams," which presents many of his ideas on psychoanalysis. 1905 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon devise the first intelligence test. 1906 Ivan Pavlov publishes the results of his studies on classical conditioning. 1908 William McDougall's publication of "An Introduction to Social Psychology" marks the formal inauguration of the field of social psychology. 1912 Max Wertheimer publishes the first formulation of Gestalt psychology. 1913 John B. Watson exerts a major impact on the course of psychology with his behaviorist manifesto. 1917 Wolfgang Koehler publishes the results of his studies on problem solving in primates. 1922 Edward Tolman presents his initial ideas on purposive behaviorism. 1929 Karl Lashley publishes "Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence." 1935 Louis Thurstone develops factor analysis. 1938 B.F. Skinner publishes "The Behavior of Organisms," which summarizes early research on operant conditioning. 1949 Donald Hebb, in "Organization of Behavior," presents a theory that bridges the gap between neurophysiology and psychology. 1950 William Estes lays the foundation for a mathematical approach to theories of learning. 1954 The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget publishes "The construction of Reality in the Child," which focuses attention on cognitive development. 1957 Noam Chomsky publishes "Syntactic Structures," a book that presents a cognitive approach to language behavior. 1958 Herbert Simon and colleagues publish "Elements of a Theory of Human Problem Solving," which reformulates classical psychological problems in terms of information-processing models. -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------